Fiber burden and asbestos-related diseases: an umbrella review / Niveles de exposición y enfermedades relacionadas con el asbesto

Objective: What are the levels of asbestos exposure that cause each type of health effect? The objective of this study was to review the available scientific evidence on exposure levels for asbestos and their relationship to health effects. Method: An umbrella review of English-language reviews and meta-analyses, from 1980 to March 2021 was conducted. We included reviews involving quantified asbestos exposures and health outcomes. The review has been adapted to the indications of the PRISMA declaration. Methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the AMSTAR instrument. Results: We retrieved 196 references. After applying the search strategy and quality analysis, 10 reviews were selected for in-depth analysis. For lung cancer, the highest risk was observed with exposure to amphiboles. Longer, thinner fibers had the greatest capacity to cause lung cancer, especially those > 10 μm in length. For mesothelioma, longer and thinner fibers were also more pathogenic; amphiboles ≥ 5 μm are especially associated with increased mesothelioma risk. No studies observed an increased risk for lung cancer or mesothelioma at asbestos exposure levels <0.1 f/ml. No reviews provided information on exposure concentrations for pulmonary fibrosis. Currently, there is limited evidence in humans to establish the causal relationship between gastrointestinal cancer and asbestos exposure. Conclusions: Banning all asbestos exposure remains the best measure to preventing its negative health effects. The highest quality reviews and meta-analyses support that there is little risk of lung cancer or mesothelioma at daily exposure levels below 0.1 f/ml. (AU)

Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los niveles de exposición al asbesto y su relación con los efectos sobre la salud. Método: Se realizó una revisión de revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis en inglés, desde 1980 hasta marzo de 2021. Se incluyeron revisiones que involucran exposiciones cuantificadas al asbesto y resultados de salud. La revisión se adaptó a las indicaciones de la Declaración PRISMA. La calidad metodológica de los estudios seleccionados fue evaluada mediante el instrumento AMSTAR. Resultados: Se recuperaron 196 referencias y tras aplicar la estrategia de búsqueda y analizar la calidad se seleccionaron 10 revisiones para un análisis en profundidad. Para el cáncer de pulmón, se observó mayor riesgo con la exposición a anfíboles. Las fibras más largas y delgadas presentaron mayor capacidad de causar cáncer de pulmón, especialmente aquellas de longitud >10μm. Para el mesotelioma, las fibras más largas y delgadas también fueron más patógenas; los anfíboles ≥ 5μm se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de mesotelioma. Ningún estudio observó mayor riesgo de cáncer de pulmón o de mesotelioma con niveles de exposición al asbesto <0,1 f/ml. Ningún estudio proporcionó información sobre concentraciones de exposición para la fibrosis pulmonar. Actualmente existe evidencia limitada en humanos para establecer la relación causal entre la exposición al asbesto y el cáncer gastrointestinal. Conclusiones: Prohibir toda exposición al asbesto es la mejor medida para prevenir sus efectos negativos para la salud. Las revisiones y metaanálisis de más alta calidad respaldan que hay escaso riesgo de cáncer de pulmón y de mesotelioma con niveles de exposición diaria por debajo de 0,1 f/ml. (AU)

Reconstrucción de cuero cabelludo, por quemadura química extensa, en tiempos de COVID / Scalp reconstruction, from extensive chemical burn, in time of COVID

Las quemaduras químicas en cuero cabelludo, que se producen en lugares públicos como salones de belleza o peluquerías causadas por mezclas de sustancias activas como persulfatos y peróxido de hidrógeno, secundarias a la decoloración de cabellos, producen graves secuelas de alopecias en pacientes jóvenes. Se trata de un caso clínico, de quemadura química, espesor completo, extensa, en cuero cabelludo. Productos utilizados en forma cotidiana en salones de belleza, peluquerías o domicilios, que tiene estrecha relación con el daño. Resolución del caso con colgajos locales, con tiempos de internación y quirúrgicos cortos, en tiempos de COVID. Enfoque de la falta de control de sustancias usadas en peluquerías, pocos casos publicados y secuelas psicosociales importantes, con pronta mejoría de calidad de vida y reinserción social

Chemical burns in scalp after hair bleaching are produced in public places such as hairdressing salons and are caused by the combination of active agents like persulfate and hydrogen peroxide. The burns leave severe sequels of alopecia in young patients. This is about a clinical case of a chemical burn in the sculp which is full thickness and has a great large. Products used on a daily basis in hairdressing salons or in the domiciles have a close connection with the hurt. In times of COVID the case was resolved with local flaps, and short period of hospitalization and surgical. Focus on the lack of control in the usage of substances made by hairdressing salons, the existence of few published cases and the main psychosocial sequels, a speedy recovery in the quality of life and social reintegration

Neither see, nor look: viewing! On adolescents' exhibition on social media / Nem ver, nem olhar: visualizar! sobre a exibição dos adolescentes nas redes sociais

RESUMO: Este trabalho discute o fenômeno da exibição dos adolescentes nas redes sociais. Iniciamos interrogando o enfraquecimento do Outro parental e os impasses decorrentes dos avanços da virtualidade na contemporaneidade. Recuperamos o debate sobre o narcisismo na adolescência, apresentando o "dar-se a ver" e a "exibição" como mecanismos distintos em relação ao olhar do Outro da cultura. Seguindo as proposições de Lacan sobre o instante de ver e a esquize do olho e do olhar, concluímos que o visualizar é uma operação dominante no ato de exibição, levando os jovens à repetição e não à estabilização no campo do Outro.

Abstract: This paper discusses the phenomenon of adolescent exhibition in social media. We started by questioning the weakening of the parental Other and the impasses arising from the advances of virtuality in contemporary times. We rescue the debate about narcissism in adolescence, presenting the "offer of oneself to the gaze" and the "exhibition" as distinct mechanisms in relation to the Other's look in the culture. According to Lacan's propositions about the moment of seeing, as well as the eye and gaze's "schize", the research concludes that viewing is a dominant operation within the act of exhibiting, which leads to repetition and not stabilization of adolescents in the field of the Other.

Análise de aflatoxinas em pastas de amendoim comercializadas no mercado central de Belo Horizonte, MG

Aflatoxicose é uma intoxicação resultante da ingestão de aflatoxinas presentes nos alimentos. O quadro clínico está diretamente relacionado ao grau de contaminação do produto, tempo e quantidade ingerida pelo individuo assim como seu estado nutricional. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a presença de aflatoxina em amostras selecionadas de pastas de amendoim comercializadas em Belo Horizonte, MG e correlacionar com a legislação vigente no Brasil e em outros países. Para tal, foram coletadas uma amostra de cada marca diferente de pasta de amendoim integral, sem adição de outros ingredientes, comercializadas no Mercado Central, em Belo Horizonte-MG, em dezembro de 2016. Como critério de escolha foram selecionadas todas as marcas comercializadas no referido estabelecimento, com a descrição de pasta de amendoim integral sem adição de açúcar e outros ingredientes. Os resultados mostraram que em todas as amostras analisadas a quantidade de aflatoxina encontrada foi menor que 2,0 µg/kg de amostra, dentro do recomendado na legislação brasileira e internacional.

Aflatoxicosis is an intoxication caused by the ingestion of aflatoxins present in food. The symptoms are directly related to the degree of contamination of the product, time and amount of ingest by the individual as well as their nutritional status. The present study aimed to determine the presence of aflatoxin in peanut pastes commercialized in Belo Horizonte, MG and correlate with current legislation in Brazil and other countries. For this purpose, six samples of whole peanut paste, without addition of other ingredients, commercialized at the Central Market in Belo Horizonte, MG, in December 2016. As a selection criterion, all the brands marketed in the establishment were selected. Description of whole peanut paste without added sugar and other ingredients. The results showed that in all analyzed samples the amount of aflatoxin found was lower than 2.0 µg / kg of sample, within the recommended in international and Brazilian legislation.

Disruptores endocrinos en nutrición artificial / Endocrine disruptors in artificial nutrition

Los ftalatos son unos compuestos químicos clasificados como disruptores endocrinos que están presentes en prácticamente todos los entornos de la vida cotidiana. En el campo de la nutrición artificial son relevantes porque se encuentran como plastificantes en las líneas de infusión elaboradas con PVC. Son moléculas lipófilas que se unen débilmente al PVC y, por lo tanto, se extraen fácilmente por los compuestos lipídicos que forman parte de la nutrición tanto parenteral como enteral, tal y como demuestran diversos estudios. Como disruptores endocrinos, afectan directamente a los órganos reproductivos debido a sus efectos antiandrogénicos y estrogénicos. Favorecen la inflamación y el estrés oxidativo y también se relacionan con el desarrollo de obesidad, asma, alteraciones neurológicas y oftalmológicas, colestasis y otras alteraciones gastrointetinales. La legislación establece unos rangos máximos de exposición que están pensados para la exposición diaria; sin embargo, en el entorno médico la exposición sigue un patrón diferente, más puntual y con picos muy altos, para los cuales no hay márgenes descritos, por lo que se recomienda evitar la exposición siempre que sea posible. La industria trabaja en el desarrollo de plastificantes alternativos para los cuales la experiencia de uso es todavía limitada. Actualmente, en el campo de la nutrición artificial se recomienda utilizar líneas de infusión tanto intravenosa como enteral libres de ftalatos

Phthalates are chemical compounds classified as endocrine disruptors which are present in practically every environment of daily life. In the field of artificial nutrition, they are relevant because they are found as plasticizers in infusion lines made with PVC. They are lipophilic molecules which weakly pair with PVC and, therefore, they are easily extracted by the fatty compounds that are part of both the parenteral and enteral nutrition, as various studies show. As endocrine disruptors, they directly affect the reproductive organs because of their antiandrogenic and estrogenic effects. They promote inflammation and oxidative stress and they are also related to the development of obesity, asthma, neurological and ophthalmic disorders, cholestasis and other gastrointestinal disorders. The legislation establishes the highest recommended exposure level for daily exposure; however, in the medical environment the exposure follows a different pattern, more occasional with very high peaks, for which there are no established thresholds, that is why it is recommended to avoid exposure whenever possible. The industry is working on the development of alternative plasticizers, for which the use experience is still limited. Currently, in the field of artificial nutrition it is recommended to use phthalate-free intravenous and enteral infusion lines

Evaluación de la exposición al riesgo por vibraciones en el segmento mano brazo en compañías del sector metalmecánico / Hand-arm vibration risk exposure assessment in metal-mechanics industry

El objetivo del estudio consistió en la medición y evaluación de las aceleraciones originadas por herramientas vibrátiles tales como: pulidoras, amoladoras, taladros, entre otras, y su comparación con los límites de exposición permisibles registrados en la norma ISO 5349 de 2002 para el segmento corporal mano brazo. El estudio se desarrolló en cuatro (4) empresas del sector metalmecánico de la Ciudad de Cali, que inicialmente obligó a realizar una visita preliminar con el fin de seleccionar los procesos y herramientas e identificar las personas expuestas. Desde el punto de vista físico y fisiológico, los componentes estudiados fueron: la aceleración, velocidad y amplitud que son los parámetros asociados a vibraciones, además de la dirección en términos vectoriales, según la postura del segmento corporal involucrado y el grado de compromiso de los sistemas biomecánicos y fisiológicos del ser humano. A través del estudio se pudo evidenciar que las evaluaciones realizadas a 15 tipos de herramientas no sobrepasaron los límites permisibles de exposición establecidos en la Conferencia Americana de Higienistas Industriales Gubernamentales de los Estados Unidos ACGIH 2014, que corresponde a 2.8 m/s2 . En la Empresa A, se pudo establecer que el nivel de aceleración más elevado lo presentó la Pulidora Dewalt con un valor de 0.796571 m/s2 , para la Empresa B, en el caso del mismo equipo presentó una aceleración de 0.6653 m/s2 , en el caso de la Empresa C, la aceleración más significativa la presentó una Pulidora Bosh con una aceleración de 0.5857 m/s2 , por último, en la Empresa D con una aceleración de 0,4048 m/s2 , la Esmeriladora. En el artículo se realiza un resumen de los conceptos más importantes relacionados con vibraciones en el segmento corporal mano brazo, así como de los equipos y herramientas utilizados para su respectiva medición y evaluación

The aim of this study was the measurement and evaluation of the accelerations caused by vibrating tools such as sanders, grinders and drills among others and their comparison with the permissible exposure limits as registered in the ISO 5349-2:2002 for hand-arm body segment. The study was conducted in four (4) metal-mechanic industrial centers of the city of Cali, Colombia, who initially imposed a preliminary visit in order not only to select the processes and tools but also to identify those exposed. From a physical and physiological point of view and concerning vibrations, the parameters studied were acceleration, velocity and amplitude. Further factors were considered, such as vector direction, the body segment position in relation with the machine and the level of commitment of both biomechanical and physiological systems of the human being. It was stated that assessments performed on 15 types of vibrating tools did not exceed the permissible exposure limits established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists US (ACGIH 2014) corresponding to 2.8 m/s2 . In Company A, it was established that the highest acceleration level was registered by the DeWalt polisher with a value of 0.796571 m/s2 ; in Company B, the same tool presented an acceleration of 0.6653 m/ s2 ; in Company C; the most significant acceleration was carried out by a Bosch polisher (0.5857 m/s2 ) and finally, in Company D with an acceleration of 0.4048 m/s2 , it was the bench grinder. The article provides a summary of the most important concepts related to the hand-arm body segment vibration, as well as the equipment and tools used for their measurement and evaluation

Occupational hazards encountered by library personnel in universities in south-south, Nigeria

Occupational hazards affect personnel safety and health in the work environment. This study investigated the occupational hazards encountered among library personnel in two universities in South South Nigeria; Delta State University, Abraka and Niger Delta University, Ammasoma. 182 library personnel participated in the study. Simple percentages and mean were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used in analysing the hypotheses. Findings revealed that library personnel encounter occupational hazards in the process of performing their duties. There was no significant difference in report of occupational hazards encountered by male and female library personnel in the process of performing their duties. It was recommended that library personnel should be adequately remunerated because they encounter occupational hazards when rendering information services to members of the university community for teaching, learning and research work. Key Words: Occupational Hazards, Library Personnel, University Libraries, Occupational Safety.

Estudio de los parámetros que afectan al contenido de deoxinivalenol en cereales o alimentos a base de cereales obtenidos en comercios de Valencia (España) / Study of several parameters affecting the deoxynivalenol content in cereal and cereal-based products from Valencia (Spain)

Las micotoxinas son metabolitos fúngicos que aparecen comúnmente como contaminantes de muchos cereales y pueden causar una amplia variedad de efectos tóxicos. En el presente estudio, se analizó un total de 182 muestras de diferentes cereales (arroz, trigo, maíz, avena, espelta, soja y tapioca) obtenidos en establecimientos de la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Se examina la presencia de deoxinivalenol (DON) y se realiza un estudio estadístico de las muestras según el tipo de cultivo (orgánico o convencional), su composición, el tipo de producto y la marca (comercial o blanca) para estimar si estos parámetros influyen en la concentración de DON. Del total de muestras, 111 estaban contaminadas con DON, pero en concentraciones inferiores a los límites permitidos por la legislación europea. Se observó mayor incidencia de DON en muestras de trigo (80%) seguidas de maíz (35%) y arroz (13%), pero sin diferencia significativa (p>0,05) entre el tipo de cereal; ni con la práctica agrícola. Sin embargo, los resultados demostraron que el tipo de producto en el cereal procesado (p<0,001; los productos a base de lluvia y sémola presentaran valores mayores de DON que los fideos), los componentes del alimento procesado (p<0,01; los niveles de DON eran superiores en las rosquilletas de pan simples respecto a las rosquilletas con queso y con chocolate ) y la marca (p<0,05; las marcas blancas contienen más DON que las comerciales) si influyen en los niveles de DON hallados en las muestras de trigo (AU)

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that commonly appear as contaminants in many cereals and can cause a variety of toxic effects. In this study, a total of 182 samples of different cereals (rice, wheat, corn, oats, spelt, soy and tapioca) obtained in establishments of Valencia (Spain) were analyzed. The presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) was determined and a statistical study of the samples was performed according to the type of crop (organic or conventional), its composition, the type of product and brand (commercial or white) to estimate whether these parameters influence DON concentration. Of the total samples, 111 were contaminated with DON, but their concentration were below the limits allowed by European legislation. Higher DON concentration was observed in wheat samples (80%) followed by corn (35%) and rice (13%), but no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the type of cereal; or harvest conditions. However, the results showed that the type of product in the processing cereal (p <0.001; the rain-based products and grits presented higher values of DON than noodles), processed food components (p <0.01; DON levels were higher in simple snacks than snacks bread with cheese and chocolate) and brand (p <0.05; white brands contain more DON than commercial ones) have related to DON concentration found in wheat samples (AU)

Alguns casos, nem neuróticos, nem abertamente psicóticos

As subjetividades "nem neuróticas nem abertamente psicóticas" encontram um esclarecimento pela topologia que abre a uma clínica de borders na qual o limite se torna um caminho praticável do buraco (do vazio) na cura analítica. Este esclarecimento passa pela gênese do limite no inconsciente que se funde sobre uma experiência de perda do objeto primordial de satisfação, cujas resultantes são a faculdade de julgamento e o princípio de realidade. O "não limite" dessas subjetividades articula-se com a aceleração contemporânea do tempo entre o julgar e a ação(AU)

Some cases neither neurotics nor obviously psychotics. Subjectivities which are "neither neurotics nor obviously psychotics" are better explained at the light of typology that gives access to a clinic of borders where the border becomes a pathway to the hole (emptiness) in the analytical cure. Such explanation gets to the source of borders within the unconscious which originated in the early experience of the loss of the primordial object of satisfaction that gives birth to judgment faculty and to the reality principle. The "non-limit" of those types of subjectivity is related to the contemporary acceleration of laps of time that separates the judgment from the action(AU)

Alguns casos, nem neuróticos, nem abertamente psicóticos / Some cases, not neurotic or psychotic openly

As subjetividades "nem neuróticas nem abertamente psicóticas" encontram um esclarecimento pela topologia que abre a uma clínica de borders na qual o limite se torna um caminho praticável do buraco (do vazio) na cura analítica. Este esclarecimento passa pela gênese do limite no inconsciente que se funde sobre uma experiência de perda do objeto primordial de satisfação, cujas resultantes são a faculdade de julgamento e o princípio de realidade. O "não limite" dessas subjetividades articula-se com a aceleração contemporânea do tempo entre o julgar e a ação...

Some cases neither neurotics nor obviously psychotics. Subjectivities which are "neither neurotics nor obviously psychotics" are better explained at the light of typology that gives access to a clinic of borders where the border becomes a pathway to the hole (emptiness) in the analytical cure. Such explanation gets to the source of borders within the unconscious which originated in the early experience of the loss of the primordial object of satisfaction that gives birth to judgment faculty and to the reality principle. The "non-limit" of those types of subjectivity is related to the contemporary acceleration of laps of time that separates the judgment from the action...

Representaciones sociales de normas de tránsito, agresividad, facilidad percibida en la conducción, accidentes y multas en conductores de Bogotá, D. C. / Social representations of traffic rules, aggressiveness, easiness perceivedin driving, accidents, and traffic tickets involving drivers in Bogota, D. C. / Representações sociais de normas de trânsito, agressividade, facilidadepercebida na condução, acidentes e multas nos motoristas de Bogotá, D. C.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue conocer las representaciones sociales sobre normas de tránsito, y su relación con la agresividad y con la accidentalidad, y multas de tránsito autoinformadas en conductores de Bogotá. Se aplicó una encuesta basada en casos (Mamontoff, 2010) con elementosgráficos (Abric, 1993), a una muestra no aleatoriade conductores infractores o en proceso de renovación dela licencia de conducción. Como resultados se identificaron cuatro clases de conductores: dos grupos más dispuestos a consumir alcohol y exceder límites de velocidad (1.ª clase)o no respetar semáforos en rojo y otras señalizaciones (2.ªclase), otro grupo menos de acuerdo con consumir alcohol antes de conducir, pero favorable a superar límites de velocidad(3.ª clase) y otro grupo favorable a no violar ninguna norma de conducción (4.ª clase). Una actitud más favorable a consumir alcohol en la conducción se asoció con atribución de los accidentes a factores externos a los conductores, con haber sido multado más veces en el pasado y con más daños en accidentes. Una mayor agresividad se asoció, asimismo,con una intención de conducta más imprudente.

The main objective in this work consisted of getting to know the social representations about traffic rules and their connection with self-reported aggressiveness, accident rates and fines for traffic offenses by drivers in Bogota. A case-based survey (Mamontoff, 2010) with graphic elements (Abric,1993) was applied to a non-random sample of driving offenders or drivers undergoing their driving license renewal process. As results, four classes of drivers were identified: Two groups more likely to: abuse alcohol and exceed speed limits (1st class), pass through red or yellow lights and disregar dother traffic signs (2nd class); another group that was more cautious about drinking alcohol before driving, but not with regard to exceeding speed limits (3rd class), and another group with a willingness to comply with all driving rules (4th class). A more lenient attitude towards drinking alcohol before or while driving was associated to attributing accidents to factors external to the driver, or with a higher record of fines or sanctions in the past, and having suffered more damages in road-traffic. Likewise, a more far-reaching aggressiveness was associated with an intended less prudent or cautious conduct.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho era conhecer as representações sociais sobre as normas de trânsito, e a sua relação com a agressividade e a acidentalidade, e as multas de trânsito autoinformadas nos motoristas de Bogotá. Uma pesquisa baseada em casos (Mamontoff, 2010) com elementos gráficos (Abric, 1993) foi aplicada a uma amostra não aleatória de motoristas infratores ou em processo da renovação da carteira de motorista. Como resultados identificaram-se quatro classes de motoristas: dois grupos mais prontos para consumir o álcool e exceder limites de velocidade (1°classe)ou não respeitar semáforos em vermelho e outra sinalização(2° classe), um outro grupo menos de acordo com o consumo de álcool antes de dirigir, mas favorável para exceder limites de velocidade (3° classe) e um outro grupo favorável para não infringir nenhuma norma da condução (4° classe). Uma atitude mais favorável para consumir o álcool ao dirigir foi associada com a atribuição dos acidentes aos fatores externos aos motoristas, por ser multado mais vezes no passado e com mais danos nos acidentes. Uma maior agressividade foi associada, também, com uma intenção da conduta mais imprudente.

Assessment of heavy metal residues in Brazilian poultry and swine tissue / Avaliação de resíduos de metais pesados em tecidos de aves e suínos

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of arsenic, lead and cadmium residues in samples of liver, kidney and muscle of poultry and swine during the years from 2002 to 2008. A total of 1978 samples were analyzed: 1031 of poultry and 947 of swine from Brazilian slaughterhouses. The samples were analyzed at the National Agricultural Laboratory using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique. In poultry, the arsenic residues were detected in 53.6% of liver samples, although no results have exceeded the MRL. In kidneys, 39.7% of the samples showed measurable residues and there was no violation of the limits. Regarding lead, there were 5 contaminated liver samples and 24 contaminated kidney samples (1.5 and 3.6% respectively). In muscle tissue there was only one sample with residues...

Objetivou-se investigar a presença de resíduos de arsênico, chumbo e cádmio em amostras de fígado, rins e músculo de aves e suínos, durante os anos de 2002 a 2008. Um total de 1.978 amostras foi analisado: 1031 de aves e 947 de suínos provenientes de matadouros brasileiros. As amostras foram analisadas no Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário (Lanagro), sendo utilizada a técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica. Em aves, os resíduos de arsênico foram detectados em 53,6% das amostras de fígado, embora sem exceder o LMR. Nos rins, 39,7% das amostras mostraram resíduos mensuráveis e não houve violação dos limites. Em relação ao chumbo, cinco amostras de fígado e 24 de amostras de rins estavam contaminadas (1,5 e 3,6%, respectivamente). No tecido muscular, houve apenas uma amostra com resíduos. Para o cádmio, 3,8% das amostras apresentavam valores abaixo do LMR. Resíduos de cádmio foram encontrados em 110 amostras de rins (16,3% testados), mas apenas uma ultrapassou o limite máximo permitido pela legislação nacional. Em suínos, resíduos de arsênico foram detectados em 15,3% das amostras de fígado, sem exceder o LMR. Nos rins, 14,2% das amostras apresentaram resíduos mensuráveis...

Avaliação do risco ergonômico em trabalhadores da indústria têxtil por dois instrumentos: quick exposure check e job factors questionnaire / Ergonomic risk assessment in textile industry workers by two instruments: quick exposure check and job factors questionnaire / Evaluación del riesgo ergonómico en trabajadores de la industria textil con dos instrumentos: quick exposure check y job factors questionnaire

A análise dos fatores de risco ergonômicos presentes em indústrias têxteis auxilia no planejamento de estratégias que contribuem para a melhora das condições de trabalho e redução dos distúrbios osteomusculares. Este estudo se propôs a mensurar os níveis de exposição aos fatores de risco ergonômicos em trabalhadores de dois setores de produção de uma indústria têxtil. Para tanto, os instrumentos Job Factors Questionnaire (JFQ) e o Quick Exposure Check (QEC) foram aplicados em 107 trabalhadores. Os resultados foram analisados por estatística descritiva. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparação dos resultados obtidos entre os setores de produção. O diagnóstico do nível de exposição ao risco ergonômico, obtido por ambos os instrumentos, foi moderado. Os fatores de risco considerados pelo JFQ como mais criticos estão relacionados à temperatura ambiental; postura mantida em longos períodos de tempo; posturas inadequadas para coluna e continuar trabalhando quando está com alguma dor ou com alguma lesão. O QEC identificou as regiões de coluna lombar e punhos/mãos como expostas ao alto risco. Não houveram diferenças estatisticamente significante entre os setores...

The analysis of ergonomic risk factors that are present in the textile industry helps to plan strategies that can contribute to the improvement of work conditions and the consequent reduction of musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed at measuring levels of exposure to ergonomic risk factors among workers of two production sections in a textile factory. For this purpose, the instruments Job Factors Questionnaire (JFQ) and Quick Exposure Check (QEC) were applied in 107 workers. The results were analyzed through descriptive statistics. We used Mann-Whitney's test to compare the results between the production sections. The level of exposure to ergonomic risks, obtained through both instruments, was moderate. The risk factors considered as being critical by the JFQ are related to environmental temperature, posture maintained over long periods of time, inadequate spinal posture, and to working even when the worker feels pain or sustains injuries. The QEC identified regions of the lumbar spine and wrists/hands as being exposed to high risk. There were no statistically significant differences between the sections...

El análisis de los factores de riesgo ergonómicos presentes en industrias textiles ayuda al planeamiento de estrategias que contribuyen a la mejora de las condiciones de trabajo y reducción de los trastornos osteomusculares. Este estudio se propuso medir los niveles de exposición a los factores de riesgo ergonómicos en trabajadores de dos sectores de producción de una industria textil. Para ello, los instrumentos Job Factors Questionnaire (JFQ) y el Quick Exposure Check (QEC) fueron aplicados en 107 trabajadores. Los resultados fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva. El test de Mann-Whitney fue utilizado para comparación de los resultados obtenidos entre los sectores de producción. El diagnóstico del nivel de exposición al riesgo ergonómico, obtenido por ambos instrumentos, fue moderado. Los factores de riesgo considerados por el JFQ como más críticos están relacionados a la temperatura ambiental; postura mantenida en largos períodos de tiempo; posturas inadecuadas para la columna y continuar trabajando cuando tiene algún dolor o con alguna lesión. El QEC identificó las regiones de columna lumbar y muñecas/manos como expuestas a alto riesgo. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los sectores...

Efectos biológicos y aspectos de seguridad de las radiaciones no ionizantes en la resonancia magnética / Non-Ionizing Biological Effects and Security Issues in Magnetic Resonance

Objetivo: Hacer una revisión, en español, de los efectos biológicos determinísticos de los campos magnéticos estáticos, dinámicos y de radiofrecuencia, propios de los exámenes de resonancia magnética (RM) en hospitales. Metodología: Se hace referencia a los límites definidos dependiendo de los distintos usos de la radiofrecuencia en un examen de RM y sus posibles efectos biológicos. Además, se muestran los aspectos de seguridad que deben tenerse en cuenta cuando se diseñan zonas que incluyan esta técnica diagnóstica. Finalmente, se hace una breve revisión de los temas que deben tener en cuenta los entes reguladores ante este tipo de exámenes con radiaciones no ionizantes. Conclusiones: A pesar de no ser determinantes los estudios sobre riesgo biológico, sí hay riesgos, principalmente por la existencia de altos campos magnéticos, que aconsejan tener ciertas precauciones en cuanto a instalaciones y personal calificado, así como una legislación acorde, de la que, por otra parte, carece Colombia.

Objective: To review the deterministic biological effects of static, dynamic and dependent magnetic fields used in clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: The suggested limits are referenced depending on the different MRI applications, as well as their possible biological effects. In addition, safety aspects which must be taken into account when areas that include this diagnostic technique are shown. Lastly, a short description of the important items for the regulatory authorities to consider when facing these types of test with non-ionizing radiation is discussed. Conclusions: Even though there is no agreement in the literature about the biological risks, risks do exist due to the presence of high magnetic fields. Specific precautions should be taken in terms of proper facilities and qualified personnel, as well as an appropriate legislation which does not exist in Colombia.

Niveles de plomo en sangre en niños venezolanos publicaciones en artículos científicos (1993-2006) / Blood lead levels in venezuelan children reported in scientific articles

El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión de los níveles de plomo en sangre en niños venezolanos reportados en los artículos científicos publicados entre los años 1993-2996. El estudio fue del tipo documental y las bases de datos consultadas fueron PubMed/MEDLINE, EBDCO, ProQuest, Scielo, REVENCYT, FUNDACID BC UC, utilizando las palabras clave: niños, níveles de plomo en sangre, revisión, Venezuela. En total fueron recopilados 13 artículos, el 85% de estos fueron del tipo descriptivo. La mayor proporción (39%) de estudios revisados fueron clasificados como ambientales. La media de las medias de los níveles de plomo en sangre reportadas en los estudios fue de 12,61 ± 3,95% µg/dL, IC95%[10,23; 14,99 µg/dL]. En el 84,6% de las investigaciones realizadas se observaron medias de plomo en sangre en niños mayores a su límite permisible (10 µg/dL) Esta investigación podría servir de evidencia sobre los niveles de plomo observados en niños venezolanos, contribuyendo con el análisis y discusión de futuras investigaciones.

The objetive of this research was to conduct a review of blood lead levels in venezuelan children reported in the scientific articles published between the years 1993-2006. A documentary study was carried out, databases consulted were PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO, ProQuest, Scielo, REVENCYT; FUNDACID BC UC, using key word: children, levels of blood lead, review, Venezuela. Were collected in total 13 articles, 85% of these were descriptive. The largest proportion (39%) of studies reviewed were classified as environmental. The average of the average levels of blood lead reported in the studies was 12.61 ± 3.95 µg/dL, IC95% [10.23; 14.99 µg/dL]. In the 84.6% of investigations carried out in children whit blood lead were it was observed an average of blood lead higher to the allowable limit (10 µg/dL). This research could provide evidence on the blood lead levels observed in venezuelan children, helping with the analysis and discussion of future research.

Exposición toxicológica en las grandes alturas: ¿es necesario corregir los valores límite umbral de exposición de tóxicos? / Toxicology exposure at high altitude: is it necessary to correct toxic exposure threshold limit values?

El nativo de altura posee variantes anatomofisiológicas en el sistema respiratorio. Las de mayor significado son los aumentos de amplitud torácica, ventilación pulmonar, difusión alveolo/capilar y del contenido arterial de oxígeno. En salud ocupacional, para controlar los riesgos del trabajo se aplica valores límites de exposición desarrollados a nivel del mar y para poblaciones con características físicas y laborales diferentes a las de altura. Fisiológicamente, un trabajo seguro en la altura se caracteriza porque el organismo no demanda mayor energía que a nivel del mar para realizarlo, a pesar de la caída de la presión barométrica y esto es así hasta los 2 500 msnm. De acuerdo a esta premisa, cuando por el nivel de altitud el organismo compensa la baja presión barométrica con aumento de la ventilación pulmonar, es necesario corregir los límites de exposición. Aún no se ha establecido límites de exposición seguros en la altura, lo que implica continuar investigando.

In occupational health to control risk magnitude we apply threshold limit values. Man at high altitude has anatomical-physiological variants in his respiratory system; most important are increases in thoracic capacity, pulmonary ventilation, alveolar/capillary diffusion, and arterial oxygen content. Physiological safe work at high altitude consists in the organism not using extra energy to compensate barometric pressure fall. In respiratory occupational toxicology we must initiate correction when ventilatory response to hypobaric hypoxia becomes unsafe and this occurs at 8 000 feet above sea level. Accordingly we should correct exposure limits value applying to work at high altitude. In order to establish safe parameters of toxicological exposition at high altitude it is necessary to investigate these aspects in high altitude workers.

Mudança significativa do limiar auditivo em trabalhadores expostos a diferentes níveis de ruído / Significant auditory threshold shift among workers exposed to different noise levels

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a audição e a ocorrência de mudança significativa do limiar auditivo em trabalhadores de frigoríficos expostos a níveis de ruído abaixo das Normas e Regulamentações nacionais e internacionais e compará-los com trabalhadores expostos a níveis de ruído considerados excessivos. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um banco de dados contendo informações longitudinais de 266 trabalhadores. Foram selecionados trabalhadores com um mínimo de três exames audiométricos e os que continham dados de exposição ao ruído. Foram mantidos 63 exames, classificados de acordo com sua exposição ao ruído em três níveis: 79 a 84,9 dB(A), 85 a 89,9 dB(A) e 90 a 98,8 dB(A). Foi avaliada a ocorrência de perdas auditivas e de mudança significativa de limiar auditivo dos participantes de cada subgrupo. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se diferenças em todas as frequências nos testes de comparação entre a média dos limiares auditivos para cada frequência em função do nível de exposição ao ruído. A correlação entre a ocorrência de Perda Auditiva Induzida por Níveis de Pressão Sonora Elevados (PAINPSE) e os anos de exposição ao ruído dentro da empresa atual foi significativa (R=0,373; p=0,079). Foram encontradas mudanças permanentes de limiar auditivo nos três níveis de exposição ao ruído. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados do presente estudo sugerem a existência de uma associação entre mudança significativa do limiar auditivo dos trabalhadores e os anos de exposição ao ruído considerado de baixo risco.

PURPOSE: To assess the hearing status and signs of significant auditory threshold shifts in meat-processing facility workers who are exposed to noise levels below nationally and internationally recommended exposure limits, and to compare these results with data from workers exposed to excessive noise levels. METHODS: Longitudinal audiometric data from 266 workers were evaluated, and only workers with a minimum of three audiometric test results and noise exposure records were selected for this study. The 63 assessments selected were classified according to subjects' noise exposure into three levels: 79 to 84.9 dB(A), 85 to 89.9 dB(A), and 90 to 98.9 dB(A). Occurrences of hearing loss and significant auditory threshold shifts were assessed, in each group. RESULTS: Differences in the mean thresholds were observed in all test frequencies among the different groups. A significant correlation was found between occurrence of noise-induced hearing loss and duration of noise exposure (in years) at the present industrial facility (R=0.373; p=0.079). Significant auditory threshold shifts were found in all three levels of noise exposure. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study suggest the existence of an association between significant auditory threshold shifts in workers and the years of exposure to low risk noise levels.

Efectos de la radiación electromagnética no ionizante sobre lasalud y el caso específico de los efectos en la salud humana de la telefonía celular / Health effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, and the specific case of the effects of mobile telephony

Los efectos en salud de la radiación electromagnética ionizante son bien conocidos; sin embargo hay menos reconocimiento de los efectos en salud causados por exposición a radiación electromagnética no ionizante. La primera parte del presente trabajo se refiere a los efectos en salud de las radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes, independiente de su origen, puesto que no hay diferencias apreciables entre los efectos producidos por los diversos tipos de radiación electromagnética no ionizante y por lo tanto, son también válidas para aquellas emitidas por la telefonía celular. Se describe una asociación estadísticamente significativa de varias enfermedades a radiación electromagnética de frecuencia baja (ELF) proveniente de tendidos o transformadores de alta tensión, radiación electromagnética ELF del tendido eléctrico domiciliario y de artefactos electrodomésticos, exposición ocupacional a radiación electromagnética principalmente ELF, y radiación electromagnética de radiofrecuencia (RF) proveniente de antenas de transmisión de televisión. A continuación se analizan los efectos ya demostrados de la telefonía celular (los teléfonos y sus antenas repetidoras). Luego se analizan los grados de certeza de un estudio del Estado de California (USA) para relacionar las diversas enfermedades causadas por radiación electromagnética no ionizante. Este estudio confirmó la alta o mediana probabilidad de una relación causa-efecto de la radiación electromagnética con las siguientes enfermedades: leucemia en adultos y niños, cáncer cerebral en adultos y niños, cáncer de mama femenino y masculino, abortos espontáneos, suicidio, enfermedad de Alzheimer, esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y enfermedades cardiovasculares incluyendo infarto del miocardio. Se describen cuales son estas enfermedades de acuerdo al origen de estas radiaciones y se analizan cuales pueden ser los mecanismos biológicos que determinan la génesis de éstas...

The health effects of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are well known; neverthless there exist less recognition on the health effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. The first part of the present report refers to health effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, independently of its origin, since there are not important differences among effects caused by the different kind of non-ionizing radiations, therefore, they are valid for those emmited by the mobile telephony. A statistically significant association is described among various diseases and extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation (ELF) from high tension electric conductors or transformers, intradomiciliary electric lines or electrodomestic appliances, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields, mainly ELF, and radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation from television transmission. Already demonstrated effects of mobile telephony (cellular telephones and their antenas). The degrees of certainty from a study of the State of California (USA) is analyzed to relate various diseases caused by non-ionizing radiation. This study confirmed high or moderate probability of a cause-effect relationship for adult and child leukemia, brain cancer in adults and children, female and male breast cancer, spontaneous abortions, suicide, Alzheimer disease, amiotrophic lateral sclerosis and cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction. Various diseases are related to the different origin of the radiation, and the biological mechanisms involved in disease generation are analyzed. Research performed in the USSR and afterwards in Russia on health effects of mobile telephony are summarized, these investigations originated the regulation in this country and afterwards in West Europe, and influenced the decisions of WHO on its carcinogenicity...